過去完成式 (Past Perfect): 理論與練習

過去完成式在英語中起着重要作用，協助您要表達的是某動作在過去某個時間點之前已經完成。 在下面的文章中。 ELSA Speak 將為您提供如何使用和區分過去完成式的知識。

過去完成式的概念 

過去完成式通常用於描述「過去發生的兩個事件」，先發生的事件用過去完成式，後發生的事件用過去簡單式來表達。

例如: 

• She had done her housework before her father came back 

大致翻譯：她在父親回來之前打掃完了房子。

• My friend had finished his project right before the deadline last week. 

大致翻譯：我的朋友上周在截止日期前完成了他的項目。

過去完成式的公式

過去完成式的公式是什麼？立即跟 ELSA Speak 一起探索吧！

肯定結構

結構: S + had + V3 + O

結構: S + had + V3 + O

例如: 

• My mother had gone out when shipper delivered to.

大致翻譯：當送貨員到達時，我媽媽出去了。

• I had finished my homework just before the deadline last Thursday.

大致翻譯：上周四我在截止日期前完成了作業。

否定結構

結構: S + had not (hadn’t) + V3 + O

例如: 

• My mother hadn’t come home when shipper delivered to. 

大致翻譯：當送貨員到達時，我媽媽還沒有回家。

• I hadn’t finished my homework just before the deadline last Thursday. 

大致翻譯：上周四我沒有在截止日期前完成作業。

疑問結構

結構 Yes/No: Had (not) + S + V3 + O? 結構 Wh-question: Wh + had + S + V3 + O?

例如: 

• Had the film ended when you arrived at the cinema? 

大致翻譯：當你到達電影院時電影已經結束了，對吧？

過去完成式的用法

什麼時候用過去完成式？ 過去完成式常用於以下情況：

1. 當兩個動作發生在過去時，先發生的動作用過去完成式，后發生的動作用過去簡單式。

例如: 

• I went to the movies with my friends after my mother had came back.

大致翻譯：我媽媽回家后我和我的朋友去看電影。

• I met him after he had graduated from college.

大致翻譯：我是在他大學畢業后遇見他的。

2. 用於描述過去某一時間或過去某一時間之前發生並持續的動作。

例如: 

• By the time we arrived, Lan had gone out.

大致翻譯：當我們到達時，蘭已經出去了。

• I had never played soccer until last week. 

大致翻譯：直到上周末我才踢足球。

3. 描述作為另一個動作的首要條件而發生的動作。

例如:

• I had prepared for the exams and was ready to do well. 

大致翻譯：我已經為考試做好了準備，並準備取得好成績。

• I went to Paris last summer and had gone to the Eiffel Tower. 

大致翻譯：去年夏天我去了巴黎，去了埃菲爾鐵塔。

4.用在第三個條件句中，表示過去不真實的情況。

例如:

• If I had enough money, I could have bought a new iphone. 

大致翻譯：如果我有足夠的錢，我就可以買一部新 iPhone了。

• If she had followed my advice, she wouldn’t have had to sell her favorite car. 

大致翻譯：如果她聽從了我的建議，她就不必賣掉她最喜歡的汽車。

5. 過去完成時也用於描述過去一段時間內或另一段時間之前發生的動作。

例如：

• Mary had worked at this company for five years before she went to her hometown last year.

大致翻譯：瑪麗在這家公司工作了5年，去年才回國。

6.用於表達對過去某事的失望。

例如：

• We wished we had purchased the ticket. 

大致翻譯：我們希望我們已經買了票。

過去完成式的識別標志

透過識別詞

過去完成式的識別標志透過這些詞: before, after, until, by the time, when by, for, as soon as, by the end of + time in past,…

例如：

• Before I went to work, my mother packed lunch for me. 

大致翻譯：在我去上班之前，媽媽給我準備了午餐。

• My boyfriend hadn’t recognized me until I took off my mask. 

大致翻譯：直到我摘下口罩，我男朋友才認出我。

透過連詞的位置

除了識別透過識別詞外，過去完成式還可以透過句子中連詞的位置來識別。 具體：

連詞	例如	解釋
When (當)	When I arrived at the airport, my flight had taken off before 2 hours.大致翻譯：當我到達機場時，我的航班提前 2 小時出航。	用於描述同時發生的兩個事件或一個事件相繼發生。
Before (之前)	Before I had parted with him, we went around the world together. 大致翻譯：在我和他分手之前，我們曾經一起環遊世界。	用於描述在另一事件之前發生的事件。 “before” 前面的句子用過去完成式，“before” 後面的句子用過去簡單式。
After (后)	We went home after we had arrived in Sapa 2 days 1 night. 大致翻譯：我們去了沙巴2天1夜后就回家了。	用於描述在另一個事件之後發生的事件。 “after” 後面的句子用過去簡單式。
By the time (到…的時候)	I had finished my homework by the time the teacher checked it. 大致翻譯：老師檢查的時候我已經完成作業了。	用於強調一個事件在另一事件發生時已經完成。
Hardly/Scarcely/Barely …. when ….. (一…就)	Hardly had I gone out when it rained. 大致翻譯：我一出去，就下雨了。	是一種僅使用過去完成式的倒裝結構。 用於表達對一件事情接連發生另一件事情感到愕然或意外。

識別透過語境

您可以識別過去完成式透過語境，例如：

• When we got home last night. We found that somebody had broken into the flat.

大致翻譯：昨晚，當我們回到家時，我們發現有人闖入了房子。

• Karen didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.

大致翻譯：凱倫不想和我們一起去看電影，因為她（之前）已經看過這部電影了。

• At first I thought I’d done the right, but soon I realized that I’d made a serious mistake.

大致翻譯：起初我以為我做了正確的事，但很快我意識到我犯了一個嚴重的錯誤。

• The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn’t flown before./ He had never flown before.

大致翻譯：飛機上坐在我旁邊的那個人非常緊張。 他以前從未坐過飛機。/他以前從未飛過。

區分過去完成式

過去完成式和過去完成進行式的區分

一樣:

• 兩個都表達了在過去的參考點之前發生並完成的動作。
• 兩個都使用助動詞“had”和主要動詞的過去分詞。

不一樣: 

	過去完成式	過去完成進行式
結構	(+) S + had + V3/-ed(-) S + had not + V3/-ed(?) Had + S + V3/-ed	(+) S + had been + Ving(-) S + hadn’t been + Ving(?) Had + S + been + Ving
用法	– 表示過去發生並在另一個動作之前結束的動作。– 表達過去確定時間之前的動作。– 用於不真實的條件句（類型 3 條件句）。	– 描述過去發生的、持續並持續到過去確定時間的動作。– 表示一個動作已經結束但仍然對過去的另一個動作有影響。
識別標志	常與 before、after、by the time、when、until、as long as、… 連用。	常與 since, how long, for, … 連用。
例如	I met them after they had divorced.  大致翻譯：他們離婚後我遇見了他們。 I had been to Danang twice by the time I reached 25.  大致翻譯：25歲之前我去過峴港兩次。	I had been working here for two weeks when he got promoted. 大致翻譯：他升職之前我在這裡工作了兩周。 May really needed a holiday since she had been working hard for 6 months. 大致翻譯：May 確實需要休假，因為她已經辛苦工作了 6 個月。

過去完成式和過去簡單式的區分

一樣：

• 表達過去的行為：兩個都講述以前發生的事件。
• 使用代詞和連詞：與指示過去時間的代詞和連詞結合使用。

不一樣：

	過去完成式	過去簡單式
結構	(+) S + had + V3/-ed(-) S + had not + V3/-ed(?) Had + S + V3/-ed	(+) S + V2/ed(-)  S + did not + V0(?) Did + S + V0
用法	– 表示過去發生並在另一個動作之前結束的動作。– 表達過去確定時間之前的動作。– 用於不真實的條件句（類型 3 條件句）。	– 表達過去發生並完全結束的動作。– 表示過去重複的動作。– 表示插入過去發生的動作的。– 表示過去連續發生的一系列動作。– 用於不真實的願望。– 用於條件句類型 II（現在時的非真實條件句）。
識別標志	常與 before, after, by the time, when, until, as soon as, … 連用	常與 yesterday, in the past, the day before, ago, last (week, year, month) 連用或一天中已經過去的一段時間 (today, this morning, this afternoon).
例如	I went to the movies with my friends after my mother had came back. 大致翻譯：我媽媽回家后我和我的朋友去看電影。 When I went to England, I had studied English for over 2 years. 大致翻譯：當我來到英國時，我曾經學習英語兩年多了。	Lulu wasn’t at home when I knocked on her door. She was out at school. 大致翻譯：當我敲露露的門時，她不在家。她在學校。 I studied English for 5 years. 大致翻譯：我已經學習英語五年了。

過去完成式和現在完成式的區分

一樣：

• 描述行動：從過去開始，持續到現在或產生影響現在的結果。
• 使用代詞和連詞：與指示過去時間的代詞和連詞結合使用。

不一樣：

	過去完成式	現在完成式
結構	(+) S + had + V3/-ed(-) S + had not + V3/-ed(?) Had + S + V3/-ed	(+) S + have (’ve)/has (’s) + VPII (-)   S + have not (haven’t)/has not (hasn’t) + VPII(?) Have/Has + S + VPII
用法	– 表示過去發生並在另一個動作之前結束的動作。– 表達過去確定時間之前的動作。– 用於不真實的條件句（類型 3 條件句）。	– 表示過去發生的動作，該動作現在繼續發生，並且可能在將來繼續發生。– 指過去重複發生的動作。– 描述過去某個時間發生但時間不清楚的動作。– 談論某人的經歷（比較句和The first/ last/ second…）– 描述過去某個時間發生但留下了現在可以清楚看到的跡象或後果。
識別標志	常與 before, after, by the time, when, until, as soon as, … 連用。	當句子中出現的單詞，例如：– For + 至今的一段時間 (for a long time, for 2 years).– Since + 至今的一段時間 (since 2000, since 1975).– Just, Already, Before, Yet, Ever, Never, Recently, So far.
例如	My mom had gone out for a walk when I came home. 大致翻譯：當我回到家時，我媽媽出去散步了。 I had had a family dinner before I went out last night.  大致翻譯：昨晚出去之前我吃了一頓家庭晚餐。	Jane has stayed with her parents since she graduated. 大致翻譯：Jane 自從畢業之後就一直和父母住在一起 David has written five books and is working on another one.  大致翻譯：David 已經寫了五本書，並且正在寫另一本書。

過去完成式的應用練習

练习1：選擇括号中动词的正确形式。

1. I (come) ……….. back home after I (finish) ……………… my work.

2. My mother said that she (meet) ……………. my teacher before.

3. Before my father (go) ………….. to bed, he (read) ………… a novel.

4. She told me she (not/wear) ……………… such kind of clothes before.

5. When my family came to the stadium, the match (start) 

6. She said that she ( meet) ……………………. Mr. Bean before.

7. Before she (listen) ………………….. to music, she (do)……………………. homework.

8. Last night, Peter (go) ………………….. to the supermarket before he (go) ………………… home.

9. When David came, everybody ________ (leave).

10. He ________ (already/watch) the movie, so he wouldn’t want to see it atop gain.

11. My kids didn’t eat anything at the party because they _________ (eat) dinner at home.

12. The motorbike burned just after it ______ (crash) into the tree.

13. John _______ (not/complete) his homework by the deadline, so he called his teacher to tell that he would submit it late.

14. She didn’t cry because she _______ (know) the truth.

15. The tornado destroyed the tent that we (build) ____________.

16. She (not / be) ____________ to Hanoi before 2018.

17. When he went out to play, he (do / already) ____________ his homework.

18. My sister ate all of the cake that our mum (make) ____________ .

19. The nurse took off the plaster that she (put on) ____________ six weeks before.

20. The waitress brought a drink that I (not / order) ____________ .

21. I could not remember the song we (learn) ____________ three week before.

22. The children collected mangos that (fall) ____________ from the tree.

23. (she / phone) ____________ Nam before she went to see him in Laos?

24. He (not / ride) ____________ elephants before that day.

答案: 

1	Came – had finished
2	Had met
3	Went – had read
4	Hadn’t worn
5	Had started
6	Had met
7	Listened – had done
8	Had gone – went
9	Had left
10	Had already watched
11	Had eaten
12	Had crashed
13	Hadn’t completed
14	Had known
15	Had built
16	Had not been
17	Had already done
18	Had made
19	Had put on
20	Had not ordered
21	Had learned
22	Had fallen
23	Had she phoned
24	Had not ridden

練習2：用正確的公式改寫下面的句子

1. He went home after that Ling arrived at the party.

After he ___________________________________________

2. She had lunch and then she came to her house.

After she_____________________________________________

3. He went to the airport but the plane had already departed.

After the plane ________________________________________

4. My sister had gone home before my father arrived. 

After_____________________________________________

5. I had lunch then I took a look around the shops. 

Before_____________________________________________

6. The light had gone out before I got out of the office. 

When _____________________________________________

7. After he had explained everything clearly, we started our work. 

By the time _____________________________________________

8. David had gone home before we arrived. After_____________________________________________

9. We had lunch then we took a look around the shops. Before_____________________________________________

10. The light had gone out before we got out of the office.
When_____________________________________________

11. After she had explained everything clearly, we started our work.
By the time_____________________________________________

12. My father had watered all the plants in the garden by the time my mother came home.
Before_____________________________________________

答案:

1. After he had gone home, Ling arrived at the party.

2. After she had lunch, she came to her house.

3. After the plane had departed, he went to the airport.

4. After I had gone home, my father arrived.

5. Before I took a look around the shops, I had had lunch. 

6. When I got out of the office, the light had gone out. 

7. By the time we started our work, he had explained everything clearly

8. After David had gone home, we arrived.

9. Before we took a look around the shops, we had had lunch.

10. When we got out of the office, the light had gone out.

11. By the time we started our work, she had explained everything clearly.

12. Before my mother came home, my father had watered all the plants in the garden.

可以看出，過去完成式用於許多不同的情況，包括日常英語交流和寫作中。 ELSA Speak 希望看完帖子后您能獲得更多有用的知識來幫助您學習英語的過程。